Here you can see my papers and books on the broad topic of skills and job quality.

I will consider applications for PhD supervision on job quality which involve quantitative or mixed methods.

For an alternative, themed collection of some of my papers please see here:

  1. Henseke, G., F. Green and I. Schoon (2022). “Living with COVID-19: Subjective Well-Being in the Second Phase of the Pandemic.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence.
  2. Green, F., Henseke, G. and I. Schoon (2022)  Perceived effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on educational progress and the learning of job skills: new evidence on young adults in the United Kingdom. Journal of Education and Work, 35(5): 485-501.
  3. Gallie, Duncan, Alan Felstead, Francis Green and Golo Henseke (2021) Inequality at Work and Employees’ Perceptions of Organisational Fairness”. Industrial Relations Journal. November, 550-568.
  4. Green, F, A. Felstead, D. Gallie and G. Henseke (2022). “Working Still Harder”. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 75(2): 458-487.
  5. Green, Francis. 2021. “British Teachers’ Declining Job Quality: Evidence from the Skills and Employment Survey.” Oxford Review of Education 47 (3), 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2020.1847719.
  6. Green, F. (2021). Decent Work and The Quality of Work and Employment. Handbook on Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Section: Worker Representation, Labor-Management Relations and Labor Standards. U. Jirjahn. Online, Springer Nature.
  7. Green, F. Health effects of job insecurity. IZA World of Labor 2020: 212 doi: 10.15185/izawol.212.v2. Update of 2015 paper of same name.
  8. Felstead, A., D. Gallie, F. Green and G. Henseke (2020). Unlocking potential: ways of tapping into employees’ ideas to enhance productivity. Can Good Work Solve the Productivity Puzzle? G. Irvine. London, Carnegie Trust and RSA.
  9. Felstead, A., D. Gallie, F. Green and G. Henseke (2020). “Getting The Measure Of Employee-Driven Innovation And Its Workplace Correlates”.  British Journal of Industrial Relations. 58 (4) 904-935.
  10. Felstead, A., D. Gallie, F. Green and G. Henseke (2020). “Unpredictable Times: The Extent, Characteristics and Correlates of Insecure Hours of Work in Britain.” Industrial Relations Journal 51(1-2): 34-57. doi: org/10.1111/irj.12279
  11. Felstead, A., D. Gallie, F. Green and G. Henseke (2020). Unlocking potential: ways of tapping into employees’ ideas to enhance productivity. Can Good Work Solve the Productivity Puzzle? G. Irvine. London, Carnegie Trust and RSA.
  12. Felstead, A., D. Gallie, F. Green and G. Henseke (2019). “Conceiving, Designing And Trailing A Short Form Measure Of Job Quality: A Proof Of Concept Study” Industrial Relations Journal 50(1): 2-9.
  13. Felstead, A., D. Gallie, F. Green and G. Henseke (2019). “The determinants of skills use and work pressure: A longitudinal analysis.” Economic and Industrial Democracy. 40(3) 730-754.
  14. Gallie, D., Y. Zhou, A. Felstead, F. Green and G. Henseke (2017). “The implications of direct participation for organisational commitment, job satisfaction and affective psychological well-being: a longitudinal analysis.” Industrial Relations Journal 48(2): 174-191.
  15. Green, F. and Henseke, G. (2019). ‘Training Trends in Britain’. Research Paper 22, Unionlearn, TUC.
  16. Gallie, D., A. Felstead, F. Green and H. Inanc (2017). “The Hidden Face of Job Insecurity.” Work, Employment and Society 31(1): 36-53.
  17. Green, F., A. Felstead, D. Gallie and G. Henseke (2016). “Skills and Work Organisation in Britain: A Quarter Century of Change”. Journal for Labour Market Research. 49 (2), 121-132.  doi:10.1007/s12651-016-0197-x. Also, see editorial for this volume. RG3
  18. Green, F. (2015 online). “Health Effects of Insecurity”. IZA World of Labor 2015: 212.
  19. Green, A., F. Green and N. Pensiero (2015). Cross-Country Variation in Adult Skills Inequality. Why are the Anglophone Countries so Unequal? Comparative Education Review. Autumn. 59(4):595-618.
  20. Green, F., A. Felstead, D. Gallie, H. Inanc and N. Jewson (2016). “The Declining Volume of Workers’ Training in Britain.” British Journal of Industrial Relations. 54 (2) pp. 422-448.
  21. Felstead, A., D. Gallie, Green, F.  and H. Inanc (2015). “Fits, misfits and interactions: learning at work, job satisfaction and job-related employee well-being”. Human Resource Management Journal. 25: 3, 294–310.
  22. Green, F., A. Felstead, D. Gallie and H. Inanc (2016). “Job-Related Well-Being Through the Great Recession.” Journal of Happiness Studies. 17(1), 389-411.
  23. Felstead, A., F.Green, and D. Gallie (2016) “Measuring the contours of skills: stock, demand and mismatch” in Buchanan, J., D. Finegold, K. Mayhew and C. Warhurst (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Skills and Training, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  24. Inanc, H., Y. Zhou, A. Felstead, D. Gallie and F. Green (2015). “Direct Participation and Employee Learning at Work.” Work and Occupations. 42 (4) 447-475. http://wox.sagepub.com/content/42/4/447.full.pdf+html
  25. Jewson, J., A. Felstead and F. Green (2015). “Training In The Public Sector In A Period Of Austerity: The Case Of The UK.” Journal of Education and Work. 28(3) 228-249.
  26. Green, F. & Mason, G. 2015. ‘Skills and training for a more innovation-intensive economy.’ In D. Bailey, K. Cowling & P. Tomlinson (Eds.) New Perspectives on Industrial Policy for a Modern Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  27. Green, F., Felstead, A. & Gallie, D. 2015. ‘The inequality of job quality in Britain.’ In F. Green, A. Felstead & D. Gallie (Eds.) Unequal Britain At Work. The Evolution and Distribution of Job Quality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-871284-8.
  28. Bryson, A. & Green, F. 2015. ‘Unions and job quality.’ In F. Green, A. Felstead & D. Gallie (Eds.) Unequal Britain At Work. The Evolution and Distribution of Job Quality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  29. Felstead, A., Gallie, D. & Green, F. 2015. ‘Policies for Improving Job Quality.’ In F. Green, A. Felstead & D. Gallie (Eds.) Unequal Britain At Work. The Evolution and Distribution of Job Quality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  30. Gallie, D, Felstead, A, Green, F and Inanc, H, (2014) ‘The quality of work in Britain over the economic crisis’ International Review of Sociology—Revue Internationale de Sociologie, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1–18.
  31. Green, F., T. Mostafa, A. Parent-Thirion, G. Vermeylen, G. V. Houten, I. Biletta and M. Lyly-Yrjanainen (2013). “Is Job Quality Becoming More Unequal?” Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 66 (4), 753-84.
  32. Dickerson, A. and F. Green (2012) “Fears and Realisations of Employment Insecurity”, Labour Economics, 19 (2), 198-210.
  33. Green, F. (2012). “Employee Involvement, Technology and Evolution in Job Skills: A Task-Based Analysis”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review,  65 (1), 35-66.
  34. Felstead, A., F. Green, and N. Jewson (2012). “An Analysis of the Impact of the 2008-09 Recession on the Provision of Training in the UK”, Work, Employment and Society 26 (6), 968-986.
  35. Gallie, D., Y. Zhou, A. Felstead and F. Green (2012). “Teamwork, Skill Development and Employee Welfare.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 50 (1): 23-46.
  36. Gallie, D., Felstead, A. & Green, F. (2012). ‘Job preferences and the intrinsic quality of work: the changing attitudes of British employees 1992–2006.’ Work, Employment & Society, 26: October, 806-21.
  37. Green, F. (2012) “Concetti, teorie e misure della qualita del lavoro”, Sociologia Del Lavoro 127, 52-69.
  38. Green, F., S. Machin, R. Murphy and Y. Zhu (2011). “The Changing Economic Advantage from Private Schools.” Economica 79: 658-679.
  39. Green, F. (2011). “Unpacking the misery multiplier: how employability modifies the impacts of unemployment and job insecurity on life satisfaction and mental health.” Journal of Health Economics, 30 (2), 265-276. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.12.005.
  40. Collier, W., F. Green, Y.-B. Kim and J. Peirson (2011). “Education, Training and Economic Performance: Evidence from Establishment Survival Data”, Journal of Labor Research. 32 (4) 336-361. DOI 10.1007/s12122-011-9116-7.
  41. Bryson A, Green F, Bridges S, Craig R. (2011). “Well-being, health and work”. In Craig R, Mindell J (eds). Health Survey for England 2010. Leeds: The NHS Information Centre. ISBN 978-1-84636-636-9. Also published as NIESR Discussion Paper No. 387. Feb 2012.
  42. “Job Quality in Britain Under The Labour Government” in Gregg, P. and Wadsworth, J. The Labour Market in Winter: The State of Working Britain,  Oxford University Press, 2011.  pp111-127.
  43. Green, F. (2010). “Well-being, job satisfaction and labour mobility.” Labour Economics 17 (6): 897-903. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.04.002.
  44. Green, F. and Y. Zhu (2010). Overqualification, Job Dissatisfaction, and Increasing Dispersion in the Returns to Graduate Education.  Oxford Economic Papers, 62, 740-763, 2010; doi:10.1093/oep/gpq002.
  45. Felstead, A., D. Gallie, F. Green and Y. Zhou (2010). “Employee Involvement, the Quality of Training and the Learning Environment: An Individual-Level Analysis.” International Journal of Human Resource Management 21 (10): 1667-1688. 0958-5192; DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2010.500489.
  46. Recent Developments in the Economics of Training, editor. (Two volumes). Edward Elgar, 2007.
  47. “Subjective Employment Insecurity Around The World”, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2, 3, 343-363, 2009.
  48. “One Hundred Years of British Minimum Wage Legislation” (with S. Deakin) [non-refereed introduction to symposium], British Journal of Industrial Relations,  47, 2, 205-213, 2009.
  49. “The Employee Experience of Work” (with K. Huxley and K. Whitfield), in A. Wilkinson (ed.) “The Handbook of Human Resource Management”, 2009.
  50. “Employees’ Experience of Work.” (with K. Whitfield), in W. Brown, A. Bryson, J. Forth and K. Whitfield The Evolution of the Modern Workplace, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  51. “Leeway for the loyal: a model of employee discretion”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46 (1), 1-32, 2008. [Winner of BJIR Best Paper Award].
  52. “A Quarter Century of Workplace Employment Relations Surveys” (with A. Bryson and K. Whitfield) [non-refereed introduction to symposium], British Journal of Industrial Relations,  46 (4), 2008.
  53. “Temporary Work and Insecurity in Britain: A Problem Solved?”, Social Indicators Research, 88 (1), 147-160, 2008.
  54. “The Evolution of Job Quality”. Different Perspectives on Work Changes. Papers from the Second International Workshop on Work and Intervention Practices. P.-A. Lapointe, J. Pelletier and F. Vaudreuil. Université Laval, ANACT and Government of Québec, 2008.
  55. “Work Effort and Worker Well-Being in the Age of Affluence.” In C. Cooper & R. Burke (Eds.), The Long Work Hours Culture. Causes, Consequences And Choices: Emerald Group Publications (2008).
  56. “Computers and Pay” (with A.Felstead, D.Gallie and Y.Zhou), National Institute Economic Review, July 2007, 63-75.
  57. “Job Insecurity and Wages” (with David Campbell, Alan Carruth and Andrew Dickerson), Economic Journal, 117, March 2007, 544-566. 
  58. “Is there a Genuine Underutilisation of Skills Amongst the Over-qualified?” (with S.McIntosh), Applied Economics, 39 (4), 427-439, 2007.
  59. “Skills and Job Quality” in Making Skills Pay: The Contribution of Skills to Business Success, edited by Michael Campbell and Sam Porter, Skills for Business (2006).
  60. “Intensification du Travail, Degré d’autonomie et Déclin du bien-être au travail” in Askenazy Philippe, Cartron Damien, de Coninck Frédéric, Gollac Michel (2006) (eds), Organisation et intensité du travail, Octares (Entreprise, travail, emploi).
  61. “Training and Establishment Survival” (with W. Collier and J. Peirson), Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 52 (5), 710-735, 2005.
  62. “An Investigation of National Trends in Job Satisfaction in Britain and Germany” (with N.Tsitsianis), British Journal of Industrial Relations, 43 (3), 401-429, 2005.
  63. “Changing patterns of task discretion in Britain” (with D. Gallie and A. Felstead). Work, Employment and Society, 18 (2), 243-266, 2004.
  64. “Assessing The Stability Of The Inter-Industry Wage Structure In The Face Of Radical Economic Reforms” (with J. Arbache and A. Dickerson). Economics Letters, 83 (2) 149-155, 2004.
  65. “The growth and valuation of computing and other generic skills” (with A. Dickerson). Oxford Economic Papers, 56 (3), 371-406, 2004.
  66. “Trade liberalisation and wages in developing countries” (with J.Arbache and A.Dickerson). Economic Journal, 114, No. 493, February, F73-F96. 2004.
  67. “Why has work effort become more intense?”. Industrial Relations, 43, 709-741, 2004.
  68. “Work intensification, discretion and the decline in well-being at work”. Eastern Economic Journal, 30(4) Fall 2004.
  69. “Job Complexity and Task Discretion: Tracking the Direction of Skills at Work in Britain” (with Alan Felstead and Duncan Gallie) in Keep, E. Warhurst, C. and Grugulis, I. (2004) (eds) The Skills that Matter, London: Palgrave.
  70. “Employment, Wages and Unemployment” in The UK Economy: A Manual of Applied Economics, 16th edition, edited by M. Sawyer, 2004. Oxford University Press.
  71. “Skill, Task Discretion and New Technology. Trends in Britain 1986-2001” (with D. Gallie and A. Felstead). L’Année Sociologique, 53 (2), 401-430, 2003.
  72. “Assessing skills and autonomy: the job holder versus the line manager” (with D. James). Human Resource Management Journal, (2003), 13 (1), 63-77.
  73. “Computers and the changing skill-intensity of jobs” (with A. Felstead and D. Gallie) (2003), Applied Economics, 35 (14), 1561-1576.
  74. “The Demands of Work” in R. Dickens, P. Gregg and J. Wadsworth (2003) (eds) The Labour Market Under New Labour, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Pages 137-149. ISBN 1-4039-1630-6.
  75. “The utilization of education and skills. Evidence from Britain” (with S. McIntosh and A. Vignoles (2002). The Manchester School 70 (6), December, 792-811.
  76. “The Evolution of Education and Training Strategies in Singapore, Taiwan and S. Korea: A  Developmental Model of Skill Formation” (with D. Ashton, D. James and J. Sung), Journal of Education and Work, 2002, 15 (1), 5-30.
  77. “The Labour Market” in M. Mackintosh et al, Economics and Changing Economies, Chapman and Hall, 1996; 2nd Edition 2002.
  78. “A Picture of Wage Inequality and The Allocation of Labor Through a Period of Trade Liberalization: The Case of Brazil.” (with J. Arbache and A. Dickerson), World Development, 2001, 29 (11), November, 1923-1940.
  79. “Employer Policies and Organisational Commitment in Britain 1992-7” (with D. Gallie and A. Felstead), Journal of Management Studies, December 2001, 38 (8), 1081-1102.
  80. “The intensification of work in Europe” (with S. McIntosh), Labour Economics, 2001, 8 (2), 291-308.
  81. “Estimating the determinants of supply of computing, problem-solving, communication, social and teamworking skills” (with D. Ashton and A. Felstead), Oxford Economic Papers, 2001, 53 (3), 406-433.
  82. “Skills Measurement and Economic Analysis” (with L. Borghans and K. Mayhew). Introduction to Special Issue of Oxford Economic Papers, 2001, 53 (3), 375-384.
  83. “Its Been a Hard Day’s Night: The Concentration and Intensification of Work in Late Twentieth-Century Britain”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 39 (1), March 2001, 53-80.
  84. “Paying the price for flexibility? Training, skills and non-standard jobs in Britain” (with A. Felstead, and D. Ashton) International Journal of Employment Studies, 9 (6), April 2001, 25-60.
  85. “New Technology and Demanding Jobs” in A Life’s Work: Achieving full and fulfilling employment, edited by N. Burke, Institute for Public Policy Research, June 2001. Pages 58-73. ISBN 1 86030 163 0.
  86. “Training in work – the evidence” in A Life’s Work: Achieving full and fulfilling employment, edited by N. Burke, Institute for Public Policy Research, June 2001. Pages 138-144. ISBN 1 86030 163 0.
  87. “The Impact of Company Human Resource Policies on Social Skills: Implications for Training Sponsorship, Quit Rates and Efficiency Wages”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 47 (3) August 2000, 251-272.
  88. “Are Britain’s Workplace Skills Becoming More Unequal?”  (with A. Felstead, and D. Ashton), Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24 (6) November 2000, 709-727.
  89. “The Impact of Training on Labour Mobility: Individual and Firm Level Evidence from Britain”, (with A.Felstead, K. Mayhew and A. Pack), British Journal of Industrial Relations, June 2000, 38 (2), 261-275.
  90. Green, F. Felstead, A.  and Burchell, B. “Job Insecurity And The Difficulty Of Regaining Employment: An Empirical Study Of Unemployment Expectations”,Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, December 2000, 62, (Special Issue), 855-883.
  91. “Skills in the British workplace” (with D. Ashton and A. Felstead) in Coffield, F. (ed.) Differing Visions of a Learning Society, Bristol: Policy Press, 2000. ISBN 1 86134 247 0.
  92. “Travail temporaire et précarité de l’emploi en Grande-Bretagne” in B.Lestrade and S. Boutillier (eds) Les Mutations Du Travail En Europe, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2000.
  93. “Skill Trends In Britain: Trajectories Over The Last Decade” (with A.Felstead, D.Ashton and B.Burchell) in F.Coffield ed. Telling Truth To Power, Bristol: Policy Press, 1999. ISBN 1 86134 147 4.
  94. “Training the Workers” in Gregg, P. and Wadsworth, J. The State of Working Britain, Manchester University Press, 1999.
  95. “The Role of the State in Skill Formation: evidence from The Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan” (with D.James, D.Ashton and J.Sung), Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Spring 1999, 15 (1), 82-96.
  96. “Post-School Education and Training Policy in Developmental States: The Cases of Taiwan and South Korea” (with D.James, D.Ashton and J.Sung), Journal of Education Policy, May-Jun 1999, 14 (3), 301-315.
  97. “Trade Unions and Training Practices in British Workplaces” (with S. Machin and D. Wilkinson), Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jan 1999, 52 (2), 175-195.
  98. Britain’s Training Statistics: A Cautionary Tale (with A.Felstead and K.Mayhew), Work, Employment and Society, March 1999, 13 (1), 107-115.
  99. “The Quality of Skill Acquisition in Young Workers’ First Job” (with S. Montgomery), Labour, 1998, 12(3), 473-487.
  100. “The Meaning And Determinants Of Skill Shortages” (with S. Machin and D. Wilkinson), Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,  1998, 60 (2), 165-187.
  101. “Union Power, Cost of Job Loss and Workers’ Effort”, (with S. Mackintosh), Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1998, 51, 3, 363-383.
  102. “Are British Workers Getting More Skilled?” (with D.Ashton, B. Burchell, A. Felstead and B. Davies), in A.B.Atkinson and John Hills (eds) Exclusion, Employment and Opportunity, Centre for the Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics, 1998; ISSN 1460-5023.
  103. “Trends In The Training Of Male And Female Workers In The United Kingdom”, (with L. Zanchi), British Journal of Industrial Relations, 35, 4, December 1997, 635-644.
  104. “Union Recognition and Paid Holiday Entitlement”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 35, 2, June 1997, 243-255.
  105. “Trade unions as agents for skill formation: the case of Singapore” (with E. Goh), International Journal of Training and Development, 1 (4), December 1997, 230-241.
  106. “Discussion of ‘Skill-Based Full Employment: The Latest Philosopher’s Stone’, by C. Crouch”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, December, 1997, 385-391.
  107. The employer size-wage effect: can monopsony provide an explanation? (with S. Machin and A. Manning), Oxford Economic Papers, 48, 1996, 433-455.
  108. “The effects of training, further education and YTS on the earnings of young employees.” (with M. Hoskins and S. Montgomery), Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 58, 1996, 471-488.
  109. “Training and the Business Cycle: Evidence from the British Recession of the Early 1990s” in Alison Booth and Dennis Snower eds. (1996), Acquiring Skills: Market Failures, Their Symptoms, And Policy Responses, Cambridge University Press.
  110. “Can Trade Unions Improve Training in Britain”, (with T.Claydon),  Personnel Review, 23, 1, 1994, 37-51.
  111. “Training During The Recession”, (with A. Felstead), Work, Employment and Society, 1994, 8 (2), 199-219.
  112. “The Determinants of Training of Male and Female Employees, and Some Measures of Discrimination” in R. McNabb and K. Whitfield eds. The Market for Training, Avebury Press, 1994.
  113. “Inequality In Training” in Andrew Glyn and David Miliband eds. Paying for Inequality. The Economic Costs of Social Injustice, Rivers Oram Press, 1994.
  114. “The determinants of training of male and female employees in Britain”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,  February 1993, 101-120.
  115. “Non-standard work in Canada and the United Kingdom”,  (with H.Krahn and J.Sung), International Journal of Manpower, 1993, 14, 5, 70-86.
  116. “The effect of trade unions on training in Britain”, Applied Economics, 1993, 25, 1033-1043.
  117. “The linkages between education and employment: a comparative study of Britain and Canada”, (with G. Lowe and D. Ashton), Comparative Education, 1993, 29, 2, 125-143.
  118. “Unemployment Hysteresis and the Worker Discipline Effect”, European Journal of Political Economy, 8, 1992, 543-556.
  119. “On the political economy of skill in the advanced industrial nations”, Review of Political Economy, 4, 4, 1992, 413-435. 
  120. “Dimensions of the British Economy : A Factor Analysis”, British Review of Economic Issues, Vol. 14, October 1992, 31-54.
  121. “Recent Trends in British Trade Union Density: How Much of a Compositional Effect?”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, September 1992, 445-458.
  122. “Skill shortage and skill deficiency: a critique” (with D. Ashton),    Work, Employment and Society, 6, 2, June 1992, 287-301.
  123. “Explaining Persistent Inner-City Unemployment: A Case Study In Nottingham”, Local Economy, 6, November 1991, 249-249.
  124. “Sex Discrimination In Access To Job-Related Training”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 29, June 1991, 295-304.
  125. “The Determinants of Female Recruitment”, Applied Economics, 23, April1991, 709-716.
  126. “The Relationship of Wages to the Value of Labour Power in Marx’s Labour Market”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 15, June 1991, 199-213.
  127. “Institutional and other unconventional theories of saving”, Journal of Economic Issues, XXV, March1991, 93-113.
  128. “Marx, Malthus And Wages: A Comment”, History of Political Economy, 23, 1991, 95-100.
  129. “Trade Union Availability and Trade Union Membership in Britain”, The Manchester School, LVIII, Dec. 1990, 378-394.
  130. “The Worker Discipline Effect: A Disaggregative Analysis” (with Thomas E. Weisskopf), Review of Economics and Statistics, LXXII, May 1990, 241-249.
  131. “Vacation Time and Unionism in the U.S. and Europe”, (with M. Potepan) Industrial Relations, 1988: 27, 180-194.
  132. “The Trade Union Wage Gap in Britain: Some New Estimates”, Economics Letters, 27, 1988, 183-187.